|
Essay XXXIX: Of Custom And Education
Essay XXXIX: Of Custom And Education
Men`s thoughts are much according to their inclination; their discourse
and speeches according to their learning and infused opinions; but their deeds
are after as they have been accustomed. And therefore, as Machiavel well
noteth (though in an evil-favored instance), there is no trusting to the force
of nature nor to the bravery of words, except it be corroborate ^1 by custom.
His instance is, that for the achieving of a desperate conspiracy, a man
should not rest upon the fierceness of any man`s nature, or his resolute
undertakings; but take such an one as hath had his hands formerly in blood.
But Machiavel knew not of a Friar Clement, nor a Ravillac, nor a Jaureguy, nor
a Baltazar Gerard; yet his rule holdeth still that nature, nor the engagement
of words, are not so forcible as custom. Only superstition is now so well
advanced, that men of the first blood are as firm as butchers by occupation;
and votary ^2 resolution is made equipollent ^3 to custom even in matter of
blood. In other things the predominancy of custom is everywhere visible;
insomuch as a man would wonder to hear men profess, protest, engage, give
great words, and then do just as they have done before; as if they were dead
images, and engines moved only by the wheels of custom. We see also the reign
or tyranny of custom, what it is. The Indians (I mean the sect of their wise
men) lay themselves quietly upon a stack of wood, and so sacrifice themselves
by fire. Nay the wives strive to be burned with the corpses of their husbands.
The lads of Sparta, of ancient time, were wont to be scourged upon the altar
of Diana, without so much as queching. ^4 I remember, in the beginning of
Queen Elizabeth`s time of England, an Irish rebel condemned, put up a petition
to the deputy that he might be hanged in a withe, and not in an halter;
because it had been so used with former rebels. There be monks in Russia, for
penance, that will sit a whole night in a vessel of water, till they be
engaged with hard ice. Many examples may be put of the force of custom, both
upon mind and body. Therefore, since custom is the principal magistrate of
man`s life, let men by all means endeavor to obtain good customs. Certainly
custom is most perfect when it beginneth in young years: this we call
education; which is, in effect, but an early custom. So we see, in languages
the tongue is more pliant to all expressions and sounds, the joints are more
supple to all feats of activity and motions, in youth than afterwards. For it
is true that late learners cannot so well take the ply; except it be in some
minds that have not suffered themselves to fix, but have kept themselves open
and prepared to receive continual amendment, which is exceeding rare. But if
the force of custom simple and separate be great, the force of custom copulate
and conjoined and collegiate is far greater. For there example teacheth,
company comforteth, emulation quickeneth, glory raiseth: so as in such places
the force of custom is in his exaltation. ^5 Certainly the great
multiplication of virtues upon human nature resteth upon societies well
ordained and disciplined. For commonwealths and good governments do nourish
virtue grown, but do not much mend the seeds. But the misery is, that the most
effectual means are now applied to the ends least to be desired.
[Footnote 1: Strengthened.]
[Footnote 2: Based on a vow.]
[Footnote 3: Equally powerful.]
[Footnote 4: Flinching.]
[Footnote 5: At its height.]
|
