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Essay LV: Of Honor And Reputation
Essay LV: Of Honor And Reputation
The winning of honor is but the revealing of a man`s virtue and worth
without disadvantage. For some in their actions do woo and effect honor and
reputation; which sort of men are commonly much talked of, but inwardly little
admired. And some, contrariwise, darken their virtue in the show of it; so as
they be undervalued in opinion. If a man perform that which hath not been
attempted before; or attempted and given over; or hath been achieved, but not
with so good circumstance; he shall purchase more honor, than by effecting a
matter of greater difficulty or virtue, wherein he is but a follower. If a man
so temper his actions, as in some one of them he doth content every faction or
combination of people, the music will be the fuller. A man is an ill husband
^1 of his honor, that entereth into any action, the failing wherein may
disgrace him more than the carrying of it through can honor him. Honor that is
gained and broken ^2 upon another hath the quickest reflection, like diamonds
cut with facets. And therefore let a man contend to excel any competitors of
his in honor, in outshooting them, if he can, in their own bow. Discreet
followers and servants help much to reputation. Omnis fama a domesticis emanat
[All fame proceeds from servants]. Envy, which is the canker of honor, is best
extinguished by declaring a man`s self in his ends rather to seek merit than
fame; and by attributing a man`s successes rather to divine Providence and
felicity, than to his own virtue or policy. The true marshalling of the
degrees of sovereign honor are these: In the first place are conditores
imperiorum, founders of states and commonwealths; such as were Romulus, Cyrus,
Caesar, Ottoman, Ismael. In the second place are legislatores, lawgivers;
which are so called second founders or perpetui principes [perpetual rulers],
because they govern by their ordinances after they are gone; such were
Lycurgus, Solon, Justinian, Eadgar, Alphonsus of Castile, the Wise, that made
the Siete Partidas ^3 [Seven Parts]. In the third place are liberatores, or
salvatores [saviors], such as compound the long miseries of civil wars, or
deliver their countries from servitude of strangers or tyrants; as Augustus
Caesar, Vespasianus, Aurelianus, Theodoricus, King Henry the Seventh of
England, King Henry the Fourth of France. In the fourth place are propagatores
or propugnatores imperii [champions of the empire]; such as in honorable wars
enlarge their territories, or make noble defence against invaders. And in the
last place are patres patriae [fathers of their country]; which reign justly,
and make the times good wherein they live. Both which last kinds need no
examples, they are in such number. Degrees of honor in subjects are, first
participes curarum [participants in cares], those upon whom princes do
discharge the greatest weight of their affairs; their right hands, as we call
them. The next are duces belli, great leaders [in war]; such as are princes`
lieutenants, and do them notable services in the wars. The third are gratiosi,
favorites; such as exceed not this scantling, ^4 to be solace to the
sovereign, and harmless to the people. And the fourth, negotiis pares [equals
in business]; such as have great places under princes, and execute their
places with sufficiency. There is an honor, likewise, which may be ranked
amongst the greatest which happeneth rarely; that is, of such as sacrifice
themselves to death or danger for the good of their country; as was M.
Regulus, and the two Decii.
[Footnote 1: Manager.]
[Footnote 2: Made to shine by competition.]
[Footnote 3: The Spanish code of laws.]
[Footnote 4: Measure.]
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